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Sexual Abuse
in the
Mormon
Church
The Mormon Church (also known as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or the LDS Church) is known as an insular religious community with a unique history, organizational structure, and culture that places a premium on projecting a wholesome image.
Unfortunately, too often, sexual predators manipulate this trust and reverence to prey upon children.
Historically, LDS bishops and stake presidents have insisted on handling allegations internally and have discouraged intervention by outside authorities. The response by the local LDS church (at either the ward or stake level) is often to remove the perpetrator’s “calling” and perhaps “annotate” (or “red flag”) the perpetrator’s membership record, without informing the rest of the ward or stake the reason for discipline.
Red Flag to the perpetrator’s membership record
Red Flag to the perpetrator’s membership record
Red Flag to the perpetrator’s membership record
Red Flag to the perpetrator’s membership record
Whatever the intent, such actions allow predators to continue to victimize children. As a result, those abused within an LDS congregation feel that nothing will be done if they report abuse and instead suffer in silence.
Those who have survived Mormon abuse often have conflicting feelings of doubt, shame, anger, and sometimes develop an aversion to religion. Others remain deeply loyal to the Church. But all struggle with the feeling of having been betrayed by an authority figure from the Church. This dynamic leads to much confusion and disillusionment for survivors of abuse in Mormonism.
We understand this confusion, and while we never suggest that a person abandon their faith, we do believe that, for some survivors, securing justice for themselves and accountability for their abusers and those who may have enabled it is an important part of the healing process.
Thankfully, state legislatures from across the country finally recognize the difficult and lasting effects sexual abuse has on children. In response, many states have extended the time victims can bring a lawsuit and get justice for the harm they suffered as children.
If you have suffered abuse in the LDS Church and would like to talk to someone about your options, please send us a message today or call toll-free at
1-888-407-0224.
Our experienced team has successfully represented many victims of abuse from across the country in lawsuits against the Mormon Church.
Our experienced team has successfully represented many victims of abuse from across the country in lawsuits against the Mormon Church, including in the following cases:
Our Lawyers Have Won Numerous Cases
Against The Mormon Church
D.H. v. Corp. of the Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (case still pending)
Duration:
1980 – 1985
Perpetrator:
Ronald Kerlee
Case Result:
Still Pending
How Crew Janci helped the Victims?
Crew Janci LLP represented a member of the Mormon Church who was sexually abused on multiple occasions by Kerlee in the early 1980s when the victim was 15 years old.
Case Details
The lawsuit alleges that the Church received numerous reports that Kerlee was sexually abusing children, including learning that Kerlee was convicted of Sodomy III (Class C Felony) for sexual abuse of a child. Instead of protecting church children from a sexual predator, the LDS Church submitted a letter to the Court in support of the early termination of Kerlee’s probation. Even though the Church knew of the danger Kerlee presented to children, the Church allowed Kerlee to continue to serve in positions of leadership over youth in the Corvallis Stake until the late 1980s, where he continued to sexually abuse the plaintiff and other children.
Relief Sought
- Release of the Mormon Church’s “Red Flag” notations The lawsuit seeks release of the Mormon Church’s “Red Flag” notations related to child sexual abuse by Mormon youth workers.
- $5 million in damages $5 million in damages for the plaintiff’s emotional pain and suffering.
- $500,000 $500,000 for future medical and mental health treatment.
- Case is still pending This case is still pending in an Oregon court.
News Coverage
Jack Does 1 – 6 v. Corporation of the Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, et al.
Year of verdict:
2010
How Crew Janci helped the Victims?
In 2010, attorneys from Crew Janci LLP were part of a trial team where an Oregon jury returned a $19.9 million verdict for the victim of sexual abuse by an LDS scout leader, including $18.5 million in punitive damages against the Boy Scouts of America.
Settlements
- $19.9 million verdict $19.9 million verdict for the victim of sexual abuse by an LDS scout leader
- $18.5 million in punitive damages $18.5 million in punitive damages against the Boy Scouts of America
H.M. v. The Boy Scouts of America; and Cascade Pacific Council, Boy Scouts of America.
Duration:
1981 – 1988
Abuser:
James F. Hogan
How Crew Janci helped the Victims?
Attorneys from Crew Janci represented a Portland man who was sexually abused as a child on hundreds of occasions from 1981 to 1988 by his Boy Scout leader James F. Hogan.
Settlements
The plaintiff’s Boy Scout troop was sponsored by the Portland Stake of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The Boy Scouts documented Hogan’s repeated questionable contact with Scouts, but the files contained no record that the Boy Scouts or the LDS Church reported him to police. The Boy Scouts did ban Hogan from Scouting — but only for a time. In 1981, church leaders asked that Hogan be reinstated because they concluded the earlier accusations against him weren’t true. The Boy Scouts relented and restored Hogan as a volunteer. Nine years later, they put him back on their list of banned volunteers after he abused two boys he met at the church and pleaded guilty to sodomy. Ultimately, the LDS Church and the plaintiff reached a settlement.
D.I. v. Corporation of the Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints and Kenneth Johnson.
Abuser:
Mormon home teacher of victim
How Crew Janci helped the Victims?
Attorneys from Crew Janci LLP were also part of the plaintiff’s litigation team in D.I. v. Corporation of the Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints and Kenneth Johnson.
Case Details
In that case, the plaintiff was sexually abused by his Mormon home teacher and the trial court entered an order allowing discovery of the Church’s financial condition in relation to the plaintiff’s claim for punitive damages.
Settlement and Verdict
The Church appealed that decision to the Oregon Supreme Court and lost. Thereafter, the case was resolved successfully to both parties’ mutual satisfaction.
N.K. v. Corp. of Presiding Bishop of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
Duration:
1977
Abuser:
Larren Arnold
How Crew Janci helped the Victims?
Attorneys from Crew Janci LLP were part of the plaintiff’s litigation team who was sexually abused around thirteen times in 1977 by an adult member in his ward.
Case Details
In this landmark case, the Washington Court of Appeals decided in favor of the plaintiff’s request that the LDS Church disclose information regarding the church’s records, investigation, and knowledge of any allegations of child sexual abuse in the congregation, including documentation that showed the Church’s knowledge from before the instances of sexual abuse occurred.
Settlement and Verdict
The Washington Appeals Court stated: “If, for example, a scout victim came forward in 2005 and claimed that his parents told a church leader in 1976 that a scoutmaster was molesting him, such information would be relevant to what the church knew in 1976 about abuse in scouting.” This landmark decision was critical in the plaintiff getting a favorable outcome and holding the LDS Church accountable for its knowledge of systemic child sexual abuse.
OTHER NOTABLE CASES OF SEXUAL
ABUSE IN THE MORMON CHURCH:
Mormons Paying $3 Million To Settle Sex Abuse Case.
In 2001, a victim reached a $3 million settlement with the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The lawsuit alleged that the LDS Church was liable because it knew that one of its members, a high priest, had faced allegations of the child molestation in the past and failed to protect their client—a child in the church at the time—from the dangers he presented.
In 1995, a group of Mormon church insiders calling themselves the “Mormon Alliance” published a series of case reports of twenty-two cases of criminal prosecution of Mormons who sexually abused children. The case reports summarize newspaper accounts and other public information about sexual abuse within the LDS Church. All the cases have a common thread: the perpetrators were members of the Mormon Church and their leadership positions (“callings”) in the Church gave them access to children and a position of power over them. Some examples include:
Mormon Church Child Protection
Policies
The Mormon Church’s states that “abusive behavior, whether physical, sexual, or emotional, is a sin and is condemned unreservedly by the church.” (see Matthew 18:6; Mark 9:42; Luke 17:2).
In recent years, the Mormon Church has improved it child protection policies. Although these improvements are important steps forward, for many victims, it is “too little, too late,” and many Mormon sexual abuses cases still took place within the last decade.
This suggests that the Mormon Church is still struggling to deal with child abusers in their midst.
What steps has the Mormon Church taken to protect children?
The Church states that it has safeguards to protect against abuse, including facilities designed to protect against abuse, strict “zero-tolerance” policies, member record keeping, and a 24/7 reporting hotline.
Like the Boy Scouts of America, the Mormon Church now requires at least two adult leaders for any youth activity or when leaders are assigned to teach children.
For example, since 2006, all classrooms in new chapels and meetinghouses have windows so parents and others can help watch over children and keep them safe.
According to the Mormon Church, its Church facilities are designed to protect against abuse.
For example, since 2006, all classrooms in new chapels and meetinghouses have windows so parents and others can help watch over children and keep them safe.
In 1995, the Mormon Church set up a 24-hour helpline “to connect Church leaders with professional counselor and legal professionals and ensure compliance with abuse reporting laws.” According to the Church, “[i]f a bishop, branch president, or stake president suspects or learns of abuse, he is instructed to call a help line number. Where available, he will be put in touch with a professional counselor to help the victim, stop the abuse, and prevent abuse of others. The bishop will also be connected with a lawyer to make certain that all legal reporting requirements are observed.”
VICE News reported that the effectiveness of the reporting system is masked by the Church’s secrecy and it has never disclosed the number of sexual abuse related calls or how many of those calls are referred to the appropriate authorities.
Helpline calls are not immediately transferred to law enforcement authorities who can take action; instead, “they are funneled into a law firm closely tied to the Mormon Church.” Further, “the same firm that created the Mormon Church’s abuse reporting system in 1995 now defends it in abuse-related lawsuits.”
Training Videos
The LDS website offers training videos on “Abuse (Helping the Victim)” and “Abuse (Helping the Offender).” However, the videos are only offered to church leaders and members as login information is required.
Record-Keeping of sexual abuse
in the Mormon Church
Keeping highly detailed, complete, and accurate records has always been important to the LDS Church. From the very beginning, founder Joseph Smith taught Church members to keep accurate records, warning them of what could occur if the task is neglected:
D & C § 47:1 at 103 (2nd ed. 1981)
Here is another important item. If you assemble from time to time, and proceed to discuss important questions, and pass decisions upon the same, and fail to note them down, by and by you will be driven to straits from which you will not be able to extricate yourselves.
The Church’s meticulous record-keeping of instances of sexual abuse demonstrates the Mormon Church’s decades-long knowledge of sexual abuse within its organization and continued failure to better protect children from danger.
LDS Church’s Departments of Risk
Management and General Counsel
Abundant evidence on LDS Church websites and in official LDS Church handbooks indicates that the Church has kept detailed records since its start. The Church has a national Risk Management Division and an Office of General Counsel that centrally handle records related to lawsuits and other claims.
The Risk Management Division handles records of incidents such as,
See LDS Church, Church Handbook of Instructions Book 1: Stake Presidencies and Bishoprics at 165 (2006) (“Handbook”)
LDS Church, Handbook 2: Administering the Church
The LDS Church’s Office of General Counsel handles legal matters for the Church and provides legal advice to Church leadership. The office offers advice when the Church deals with a disciplinary matter involving conduct that is also the subject of a civil or criminal investigation or lawsuit. The Church’s reporting structure allows the Church keep reports of sexual abuse “in house.” This process results in a lack of transparency, which is critical in preventing future instances of sexual abuse.
Membership Records
How TDS Church maintain the record
The LDS Church also maintains detailed, permanent membership records on each of its members. The Church documents members’ “names and addresses, as well as ordinance and other vital information.” Individuals involved with the Church must be “Members of Record.”
More detail about the record
Membership records have been maintained in wards since 1936, and each ward should have a record of “each member living within the ward boundaries.” Since 1978, records have also been kept at Church headquarters in Utah and in area offices. The records are now computerized, and the LDS Church operates at least one technical advice website, “LDSTech,” with teaching and advice resources for maintaining LDS membership records.
‘Mormonism’s Scarlet Letter’? It’s a mark on their membership that follows some gay Latter-day Saints throughout their lives.
Church Disciplinary Records
How TDS Church maintain the record
When an LDS Church member has committed an action deemed a transgression by the Church, that member may be subjected to a formal or informal disciplinary proceeding. Formal action is mandatory for those accused of “child abuse” which includes a “sexual offense against a child.” The result of formal disciplinary action is documented in a “Report of Church Disciplinary Action” and may also be announced to certain Church members.
More detail about the record
When this Report is submitted to headquarters by a Stake President or Bishop, and it reveals that the individual was disciplined for a “sexual offense against or serious physical abuse of a child,” the member’s membership record should automatically be annotated. These annotations are referred to within the LDS Church as “red flags” or “red tags.” An annotation in a membership record serves to, “help[] the Bishop protect Church members and others from such individuals. When a bishop receives an annotated membership record, he should follow the instructions in the annotation.” However, the Mormon Church has faced repeated criticism for not warning congregants when an accused abuser is in their midst and for not reporting all allegations of child sexual abuse to law enforcement.
Boy Scout Records
How TDS Church maintain the record
The LDS Church and the Boy Scouts have had an official relationship since 1913. Key Church leaders have served and currently serve on national and regional BSA committees, including Thomas S. Monson, President of the LDS Church, who has served on the BSA National Executive Board since 1969.
More detail about the record
There is an “LDS Relationships–BSA” office in Salt Lake City. Each regional Council of the BSA is expected to have an “LDS-BSA Relationships Committee” to “help maintain and strengthen working relationships between the Church and the BSA Council.” See LDS Church, Scouting Handbook for [LDS] Church Units in the United States, at 3 (2011). The BSA maintained its own system for tracking and monitoring dangerous individuals (known as the “Ineligible Volunteer (IV) Files” or the “Perversion Files”). There are many files where these individuals also held positions within the Mormon Church.
Mormon Church Child/Youth Programs
The Mormon Church provides an extensive array of programs for children and youths.
Unfortunately, these are some of the very programs and positions of power perpetrators within the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints have used to gain access and groom children.
- Primary
- Sunday School
- Seminary
- The Patrol Program (formerly known as Blazer Scouts)
- Young Men
- Young Women
- Relief Society
- Home Teaching/Ministering
Age:
18 months to 11 years
Timing:
2 hours each Sunday
Its purpose is to help children learn and understand the gospel of Jesus Christ & prepare to make and keep sacred covenants. Children attend Primary classes for two hours each Sunday while their parents participate in other Church meetings.
Children also participate in regularly held activity days, which provide them with opportunities to interact with each other; have wholesome fun in physical, creative, cultural, and service activities; and participate in a program called Faith in God, which helps them live gospel principles and develop testimonies. Each ward has a Primary presidency, which consists of a president and two counselors. These three women are assisted by a secretary, teachers for different age-groups, a music director, an accompanist, and activity day leaders.[1]
Age:
12 and 12+ years
Timing:
1 hours each Sunday
Sunday School provides age-specific gospel instruction for ward members ages 12 and older (younger members attend Primary).
The ward Sunday School presidency typically consists of a president and two counselors, who are supported by a secretary and by teachers called to instruct various age-groups. Classes are held for approximately one hour each Sunday and available to Church members and their friends of other faiths.[2]
Age:
14-18 yrs
Timing:
Throughout the week
The Mormon Church’s seminary program is a worldwide, four-year religious educational program for youth ages 14 through 18 within the LDS Church that accompany a students’ secular education.
Seminary classes are often held daily and provide an extensive study of theology throughout the week, in addition to normal Sunday School classes. By the time a student graduates from the LDS Church’s seminary program, he or she will have spent 720 hours in seminary classes and will have completed the study of all of the standard works of Mormon scripture. Although the Mormon Church employs some full-time seminary teachers, most are volunteers serving in church callings or as missionaries. The youth seminary program first started over 100 years ago. Today, nearly 400,000 youth ages 14 -18 are enrolled in the seminary program each year.
Age:
11 years
Timing:
One-night camp three times a year
The LDS Church, in Boy Scout programs, have modified how a scout advances. LDS scouts change levels at their birthdays—which reflects the fact that a boy’s age determines his position and level of training in the church.
An LDS Scout may begin the Patrol program at age 11. They form a patrol of the ward’s Scout troop, wear the Scout uniform, and advance through the ranks of Scouting. They meet as a separate patrol under the direction of a leader who has been “assigned” to lead the group. The Patrol program is a group of six to eight boys who plan, learn, and work together in scouting. To meet the requirements for rank advancement, eleven-year-old Scouts may participate in a one-night camp three times a year.
Age:
12 years
Timing:
Sundays
Worthy young men are ordained as deacons in the Aaronic Priesthood at the age of 12. They advance to the office of a teacher at age 14 and the office of priest at age 16. In these priesthood offices, they have the authority to provide the sacrament to the congregation and, in the case of priests, to baptize.
The bishop of the ward is the president of the Aaronic Priesthood, and he calls adult men to serve as the presidency and as advisers in the Young Men organization. The purpose of the Young Men organization is to help young men learn and fulfill their Aaronic Priesthood duties and to prepare them for future responsibilities as missionaries, husbands, fathers, and leaders in the Church.
The young men meet on Sundays for priesthood instruction and during the week for social, service, or cultural activities. During these meeting times—and in their personal time—young men also participate in a program called Duty to God, which helps them strengthen their testimonies and their relationship with God, learn and fulfill their priesthood duties, and live gospel standards.[3]
Age:
12 to 17 years
Timing:
Sundays
Young women ages 12 to 17 belong to the ward’s Young Women organization. The purpose of this organization is to help young women build their testimonies of Christ and prepare to receive the blessings of the temple.
The Young Women organization also prepares them for their future roles as women in the Church and as contributing members of society. The bishop calls adult women in the ward to serve as the presidency and advisers in the Young Women organization. The young women meet on Sundays for gospel instruction and during the week for social, service, or cultural activities. [4]
Age:
18 and older
Timing:
Sundays
All women in the ward ages 18 and older, as well as women younger than 18 who are married or are single mothers, belong to the Relief Society organization.
Relief Society helps “prepare women for the blessings of eternal life as they increase faith in Heavenly Father and Jesus Christ and His Atonement; strengthen individuals, families, and homes through ordinances and covenants; and work in unity to help those in need. Relief Society accomplishes these purposes through Sunday gospel instruction, other Relief Society meetings, ministering, and welfare and compassionate service.” The Relief Society meets on Sundays for gospel instruction and has additional meetings outside of Sunday as determined by the Relief Society president and the bishop. [5]
The Church assigns priesthood holders as home teachers to visit the homes of members every month. The “teachers” go in pairs and typically visit between three and five families. They then report on the welfare needs of their assigned families to priesthood leaders.
In 2018, the home teaching program was replaced by a “ministering.” When ask to describe what ministering is Sister Bingham said, “Ministering looks like going for a walk, getting together for a game night, offering service, serving together, visiting (in person, by phone, online, or via text), delivering a birthday card, and cheering at a soccer game.” The purpose of ministering is to “watch over their people, and … nourish them with things pertaining to righteousness.”
Structure of the Mormon
Church
The Mormon Church is a complex, worldwide organization with millions of followers.
The complexities of the Mormon Church, its culture, and its response to sexual abuse can make survivors’ recovery and path to justice challenging. Below is a brief overview of the Mormon Church and its complex structure.
Operational structure of the
Mormon Church
According to LDS Church teaching, Jesus Christ is the head of the Church. Under his direction are the General Authorities, which consist of the First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, the Presidency of the Seventy, the First and Second Quorums of the Seventy, and the Presiding Bishopric. The following information lists the levels of leadership within the Mormon Church, from the highest to the lowest levels of leadership:
Organizational structure of
the churches
LDS churches are organized in a specific structure that aligns with how the Church is operated.
Areas
The worldwide Church is divided into geographical areas (e.g., “Europe” and “North America”).
US and Canada
The Presidency of the Seventy has been assigned to preside over areas
All other parts of world
Area Presidents preside over selected areas under the direction of the Quorum of the Twelve.
An Areas President is typically a General Authority selected from the First of Second Quorum of the Seventy.
Stakes
Most “areas” are divided into stakes, which consist of five to twelve congregations. A “stake” is led by a stake president and two counselors. The stake president is the presiding high priest in a stake. They oversee the spiritual and temporal welfare of Church members.
Similar to the general administration of the Church, a stake has presidencies for the Relief Society, Young Men, Young Women, Primary, and Sunday School organizations. These presidencies advise their respective organizations in each of the wards of the stake.
Wards/Branches
Churches are organized into congregations, and large congregations (300 or more members) are called wards.Smaller congregations are called branches. Wards are led by a bishop and two counselors. Branches are led by a branch president and two counselors.
Corporate Structure of the
Mormon Churches
The corporate structure of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is extremely complex. The Mormon Church is essentially a corporate conglomerate comprised of a complex web of various business entities. The main corporation is the Corporation of the President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The actual “church” part of the Church is a non-profit organization. In the United States, churches are exempt from filing Form 990 with the IRS, so they can keep financial information secret from the public. The LDS Church has not publicly disclosed its financial statements in the US since 1959.
an estimated net work of
and generates
a year from members’ tithing alone.
1. Finance
An investment management company in the church’s investment division. In 2019, a whistleblower reported to the IRS that the church held over $100 billion in a large investment fund and misled contributors and the public to the usage of those funds to maintain its tax-exempt status. The Mormon Church Amassed $100 Billion. It Was the Best-Kept Secret in the Investment World. – WSJ [8]
2. Agriculture
Media reports have indicated that the LDS Church has extensive agricultural holdings, including the following:
228,000 acres
in Nebraska
51,600 acres
in Osage County, Oklahoma
- 1. Brigham Young University
- 2. BYU-Idaho
- 3. BYU-Hawaii
- 4. BYU Pathway Worldwide
- 5. Ensign College
4. Real Estate
Provides water to all of Laie
Laie Hawaii park
72,000 square feet of shopping and services
Laie cemetary
Beach park in Laie
20 story office building
9 story office building
366,696 square foot office building
11 story office & parking structure
27 floor office building
6 floor office building
3 buildings totaling 48,502 square feet
18 floor commercial office building
38,192 square foot office building
15 floor commercial office building
75,000 office building in Ogden Utah
47,970 square foot office building
24.682 square foot office building
11,065 square foot office building
19 floor commercial building
37,089 square foot office building
48,612 square foot office building
Apartment building in
downtown Salt Lake
Colonial Court Apartments
Apartment building in
downtown Salt Lake
8 story apartment building in
downtown Salt Lake
3 buildings totaling 48,502
square feet
18 floor commercial office
building
Apartment building in
downtown Salt Lake
Apartments in Salt Lake City
700,000 square foot mall in
downtown Salt Lake
260 acres of mixed use
development
Mixed use development in
West Valley, Utah
Mixed use development in
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
(Liberty, Missouri)
5.Insurance
Media
Full service marketing firm.
97.3 FM KIRO Radio, Seattle
710 AM ESPN, Seattle
770 AM KTTH, Seattle
92.3 FM KTAR News Phoenix
101 FM KOSI Denver
620 AM ESPN Phoenix
104.3 FM KKFN Denver
98.5 FM KTGO Denver
1600 AM KEPN Denver
103.5 FM KRSP Salt Lake City
102.7 FM & 1160 AM KSL Salt Lake City
100.3 FM KSFI Salt Lake City
98.7 FM Arizona Sports Phoenix
Distribution for TV & radio stations that broadcast Mormon Tabernacle Choir and LDS General Conference.
NBC TV station
Website management company
We are here to help
they are not alone.
The attorneys at Crew Janci LLP have developed in-depth knowledge about this unique culture and operations of the Mormon Church.
We are honored to have represented dozens of survivors who have sought justice and healing from the Church – both form former or “ex-mormons” and for current members in good standing.
50
20
6
If you have suffered abuse in the LDS Church and would like to talk to someone about your options, please send us a message today or call toll-free at
1-888-407-0224.
References
- https://archive.org/details/INSTANCESOFCHILDSEXUALABUSEALLEGEDLYPERPETRATEDBYMEMBERSOFTHECHURCHOFJESUSCHRIST
- Organization – Mormon
- The Work and Purpose of Relief Society (churchofjesuschrist.org)
- https://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=54478720&itype=CMSID
- http://investigations.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/08/13/13262285-mormon-church-earns-7-billion-a-year-from-tithing-analysis-indicates
- https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/mormon-church-has-misled-members-on-100-billion-tax-exempt-investment-fund-whistleblower-alleges/2019/12/16/e3619bd2-2004-11ea-86f3-3b5019d451db_story.html
- Church Educational System (churchofjesuschrist.org)
